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Bahadur Shah (—) (14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712), the seventh Mughal emperor of India, ruled from 1707 until his death in 1712. Born Mu'azzam, Shah was the third son of Aurangzeb with his Muslim Rajput wife Nawab Bai and the grandson of Shah Jahan. In his youth, he conspired to overthrow his father and ascend to the throne a number of times. Shah's plans were intercepted by the emperor, who imprisoned him several times. From 1696 to 1707, he was governor of Akbarabad (later known as Agra), Kabul and Lahore. After Aurangzeb's death Shah's brother, Muhammad Azam Shah, declared himself successor before his defeat in the Battle of Jajau. During his reign, Shah bloodlessly annexed the Rajput states of Jodhpur and Amber and sparked controversy in the ''khutba'' by inserting the declaration of Ali as ''wali''. His reign was also disturbed by the Sikh leader Banda Singh Bahadur, who led a rebillion against him. Bahadur Shah was buried in the Moti Masjid at Mehrauli in Delhi. ==Early life== Mu'azzam was born on 16 October 1643 in Burhanpur to the sixth Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, and his wife Begum Nawab Bai. In 1663, when he was twenty years old, he was made the governor of the Deccan province. Mu'azzam saw the rise of Shivaji, who carved his own empire in Konkan and around Pune from the Mughal empire. That year Mu'azzam attacked Pune, where he was defeated and imprisoned for around seven years. In 1670, Mu'azzam organized an insurgency to overthrow Aurangzeb and proclaim himself the Mughal emperor. However, Aurangzeb learned about the plot and sent Begum Nawab Bai to dissuade him. Nawab Bai brought Mu'azzam back to the Mughal court, where he spent the next seven years under Aurangzeb's supervision. However, Mu'azzam revolted in 1680 on the pretext of protesting Aurangzeb's treatment of Rajput chiefs. This time, Aurangzeb followed his previous policy to dissuade Mu'azzam with greater vigilance. For the next seven years, from 1681 to 1687, Mu'azzam was a "grudgingly obedient son". In 1681 he was ordered to crush a revolt against Aurangzeb by his brother, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, in the Deccan. According to historian Munis Faruqui, Mu'azzam deliberately failed in his mission. In 1683 he was ordered by Aurangzeb to march to the Konkan region to prevent Akbar from fleeing the country, but again his "half-hearted" mission failed to achieve the assigned goal. In 1687 Aurangzeb ordered Mu'azzam to march against the sultanate of Golconda, and the emperor's spies intercepted messages between Mu'azzam and Golcondan ruler Abul Hasan. After learning of his son's intentions, Aurangzeb charged him with treason and imprisoned him; his harem was "shipped off to faraway Delhi", and also charged with treason. Mu'azzam's loyal servants were moved by his father into the imperial service, and the remaining servants were sacked. Aurangzeb forbade Mu'azzam to cut his nails or hair for six months, receive "good food or cold water" or meet with people without the ruler's permission. Around 1694, Aurangzeb rehabilitated Mu'azzam and allowed him "to rebuild his household", rehiring some of his servants who had been dismissed. Aurangzeb continued to spy on his son, appointing his men to Mu'azzam's household, sending informants to his harem and choosing his representatives at the imperial court. Mu'azzam and his sons were transferred from the Deccan to north India, and were forbidden to lead military expeditions in that region for the rest of Aurangzeb's reign. In 1695, Aurangzeb sent Mu'azzam to the Punjab region to fight the chieftains and subdue a rebellion by the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh. Although the commander imposed "heavy taxation" on the ''rajas'', he thought it necessary to leave the Sikhs undisturbed in their fortified city of Anandpur and refused to wage war against them out of "genuine respect" for their religion. That year Mu'azzam was appointed governor of Akbarabad, and in 1696 he was transferred to Lahore. After the death of Amin Khan (governor of Kabul) he assumed that position in 1699, holding it until his father's death in 1707. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bahadur Shah I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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